A2 Unit 4 Guide to Referencing
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A2 Unit 4 Guide to Referencing |
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What's 'referencing'? Referencing is when you mention the name of the authors, websites or materials you have used when preparing your coursework, either in the body of your writing or in a bibliography (list of texts and authors) at the end of your work. Why do we have to reference? If you don't admit and list the sources of information you have used, this will be considered to be plagiarism (cheating or copying) and you can be disqualified from your whole 'A' Level examination if you are caught! However, your main reasons for learning how to reference correctly should be:
It does not, in any way, diminish your work if you have used other people's work to help you with your argument or thinking - everyone does this - no-one is completely original. How do I 'reference'? The most popular referencing method at the moment is called the Harvard system (developed at Harvard University in the U.S). Step 1 To make sure that you don't have to spend hours, after you have completed your coursework, trying to track down the articles, websites and books you used, keep a running list of everything you read or refer to, as you go along. The information you need to keep a note of:
Step 2 As you write your coursework, you may want to use the exact words someone else used in their article, book or website because they sum up perfectly what you need to convey at that point. That is fine - use quotation marks to show that they are not your words and put the author's name and date of publication after it, like this: Example: She stated that, "..an individual's true self is immutable......." ( Toffoletti, 2007 p. 1) OR put the author's name and the date first and then the quote: Toffoletti (2007) argues that "..an individual's true self is immutable......." ( introduction). If you want to use something someone said but not use a direct quotation, as in the example above, you do this by using what is called a 'reporting verb'. Example: "Toffoletti (2007) proposes that an individual's true self is unchangeable.." Other reporting verbs include 'argues', 'states', 'claims', 'describes', 'suggests' etc. Sometimes you may want to put something you have read into your own words, sum it up, so to speak. However, if it is someone else's ideas you are summing up, this is called paraphrasing. Again, it is quite acceptable, as long as you acknowledge it. Example: "According to Toffoletti (2007), your true self never changes......" and say it in your own words, like this. Step 3 When you get to the end of your coursework, you need to do a BIBLIOGRAPHY. This is a list of all the books, articles and websites you used to help you with your writing. If you have kept a good 'running list' of what you have been reading, as suggested above, this should be easy! List in alphabetical order, by the author or editor's last name. For each source you have used you need the following information, in the following order: Author's last name, initial, year of publication, name of book or article (in italics), place of publication: publishing company Example: Toffoletti, K. (2007) Cyborgs and Barbie Dolls: Feminism, Popular Culture and the Posthuman h. Australi: I B Tauris & Co Ltd. If you get stuck, put the title or the author into the Search engine on Amazon. The product details usually give you a list of the year of publication, publisher etc. For websites, you need to give the URL and say when you last accessed the website - see example below. Your BIBLIOGRAPHY should end up looking a bit like this: SAMPLE BIBLIOGRAPHY Gelder, K., 2007. Tattoo Communities. Subcultures. Taylor and Francis, Inc. Electronic Media:
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